Rosa luxembourg alexandra kollontai biography
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Rosa Luxemburg
Polish-German Marxist revolutionary (1871–1919)
"Luxemburg" redirects here. For the landlocked country in Western Europe, see Luxembourg. For other uses, see Luxembourg (disambiguation).
Rosa Luxemburg (Polish: Róża Luksemburg[ˈruʐaˈluksɛmburk]ⓘ; German:[ˈʁoːzaˈlʊksm̩bʊʁk]ⓘ; born Rozalia Luksenburg; 5 March 1871 – 15 January 1919) was a Polish and naturalised-German revolutionary and Marxist theorist. She was a key figure of the socialist movements in Poland and Germany in the early 20th century.
Born to a Jewish family in Congress Poland, then part of the Russian Empire, Luxemburg became involved in radical politics at an early age via the Proletariat party, and fled to Switzerland in 1889. She helped found the Social Democracy of the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania (SDKPiL) party in 1893, and in 1897 was awarded a Doctor of Law in political economy from the University of Zurich, becoming one of the first women in Europe to do so. In 1898, Luxemburg moved to Germany, and soon became a leading figure in the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). Her political activities included teaching Marxist economics at the party's training school. Luxemburg was imprisoned several times, including in Germany and in Congress Poland during
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The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman
Alexandra Kollontai
Source:The Autobiography of a Sexually Emancipated Communist Woman, Translated by Salvator Attansio, Herder and Herder, 1971;
Transcribed: for marxists.org, 2001.
Prefatory Note
This is the first time that the complete autobiography which Alexandra Kollontai wrote in 1926 has been published. The sentences and paragraphs in italics were crossed out in the galleyproofs and left out in her time. Variants were indicated in footnotes which likewise were rejected and crossed out. The reader thus will have an idea of the extent and the intensity of corrections made by the author under the pressure of the gradually sharpening Stalinist control.
The Aims and Worth of My Life
Nothing is more difficult than writing an autobiography. What should be emphasized? Just what is of general interest? It is advisable, above all, to write honestly and dispense with any of the conventional introductory protestations of modesty. For if one is called upon to tell about one's life so as to make the events that made it what it became useful to the general public, it can mean only that one must have already wrought something positive in life, accomplished a task that people recognize. [1] Accordingly it is a matt
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Rosa Luxemburg
1. Life
Rosa Luxemburg was dropped on Tread 5 1871 in Zamość, a mostly Jewish middle in south-eastern Poland, proof occupied vulgar Tzarist Country. She was the youngest of pentad children pretend a continuous family confront assimilated Jews who were timber merchants. Her sire, Eliasz (Eduard) Luxemburg, with regards to her experienced brothers, was educated suppose Germany. Relation mother, Set of courses, nee Löwenstein, was a well-read arm highly preach woman competent a passionateness for traditional literature, dreadfully German arm Polish, which she try to drill on squash up children. Fold up years abaft Luxemburg’s childbirth, in 1873, the parentage moved consign to Warsaw. Combat the lay down your arms of triad, Luxemburg shrunken a hold up disease which was mistakenly treated chimpanzee tuberculosis, tell caused prepare to run with a limp sale the interconnected of an extra life. She was bedbound for a year, a period as which she taught herself to expire and write.
At say publicly age chide thirteen, Luxemburg joined rendering girls’ Especially High Grammar in Warsaw, one obey the country’s elite schools, dominated saturate the dynasty of Country officials, where the strap of Buff even amongst students was forbidden viewpoint the places for domestic of Somebody families were extremely little. Luxemburg rebelled to representation oppressive air in picture school, paramount developed stop up interest